現在完成時態的被動語態用法例說
現在完成時態的被動語態是被動語態中的重點。本文擬從現在完成時態的被動語態的型別及常見錯誤的角度，對其用法進行歸納、總結和整理。
一、現在完成時態的被動語態型別
[例1] Paper money________for over a thousand years.
A. used B. has been used
C. has used D. is using
[析] 主語和謂語是被動關係，而且時間狀語是一個時間段，根據題意，謂語動詞所要表示動作可能還要繼續下去，符合現在完成時，所以應該是現在完成時的被動式。答案是B。
[例2] -We want to sit at the table near the window. -I'm sorry，but it________already.
A. has taken B. took
C. was taken D. has been taken
[析] 從題幹中的答語知道，座位已經有人坐了，說明結果。所以應該用現在完成時的被動式。答案是D。
[例3] -________the letter________to Mr Black?
-No. It's still on the desk.
A. Has; given B. Will; be given
C. Was; given D. Has; been given
[析] 此題是一道問答情景題。問話人想知道的是動作的結果，所以應該是現在完成時的被動式。其疑問式是把這一結構中的助動詞have或has提前，所以正確答案為是D。
[例4] -How long________at this job?
-Since 1990.
A. were you employed B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed
D. will you be employed
[析] how long 引導的是一個特殊疑問句，從how long和 since 1990我們可以確定應該是現在完成時，再從意義上看，應該使用被動語態，所以答案應該是B。
[例5] The reason for all the changes being made________to us yet.
A. as not explained B. has not been explained
C. didn't explain D. were not explained
[析] the reason 是主語中心詞，它和謂語explain之間是被動關係；題乾的意思是：還沒有給我們解釋作出變化的理由。應該是現在完成時的被動式的否定式。答案是B。
[例6] Great changes________in my hometown and a lot of factories________.
A. have been taken place；are being set up
B. have taken place；have been set up
C. are taken place；had been set up
D. had taken place；will be set up
[析] take place 是不及物動詞片語，因此沒有被動語態；而factories和set up之間是被動關係；根據題幹上下文可以看出，都應該是現在完成時，所以答案是B。
二、現在完成時態的被動語態誤用
1. [誤] Many new buildings been built since 1980.
[正] Many new buildings have been built since 1980.
[析] 現在完成時態的被動語態的結構是have been done；很明顯錯句中謂語缺少助動詞have。
2. [誤] Something bad has been happened to him.
[正] Something bad has happened to him.
[析] 被動語態誤用。happen為不及物動詞，不及物動詞沒有被動語態。像這樣的不及物動詞還有：take place, belong to, break out, etc.
3. [誤] The door has been opened of itself.
[正] The door has opened of itself.
[析] 有些動詞如open, break, drop, sell, wash等既可以用作及物動詞，又可以作不及物動詞，若不強調誰是動作的發出者，我們通常用主動語態。of itself意思是“自動地”，因此，此句不可用被動語態。
4. [誤] I have introduced to Mr Smith.
[正] I have been introduced to Mr Smith (by Mr Wang).
[析] introduce為及物動詞，I是introduce的承受者。
文/張學賓
