高二 Unit 19重點知識歸納及講解

來源:才華庫 3.13W

高二 Unit 19

重點知識歸納及講解

1.To be, or not to be -that is the question.

生還是死--這是個問題。

這句話是莎士比亞的戲劇《哈姆雷特》中的一個名句。意為“To live or not to live-that is the question.對於這種名句名言類的,在平時寫作中可以採用仿似的修辭手法,給人印象深刻。根據家喻戶曉的成語或諺語,臨時更換其中的某個部分,造成新的成語或諺語;或者根據古今名言警句,在保持其原句不變的情況下,更換其中部分詞語,這種修辭方式叫仿似。

eg. To lie or not to lie-the doctor’s dilemma.

撒謊還是不撒謊--醫生的難題。

To do it or not to do it is not the only question.

做還是不做這事不是唯一的問題。

2.Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

戴王冠的頭是不能安於他的枕蓆的。

①本句表語uneasy放到句首,引起完全倒裝,這主要是因為主語過長,為了句子平衡,我們常常把形容詞放於句首。

eg. Gone are the days when we used “foreign oil”.

我們用“洋油”的時代過去了。

Present at the meeting were the scientists, who came from different countries.

出席會議的是科學家,他們來自不同國家。

②(lie在此用作系動詞,表示“處於某種狀態”,它的過去式和過去分詞分別為lay, lain.)

eg. The machine lay idle all week.這機器整整一週沒有開動。

The dust has lain undisturbed for years. 塵土積在那兒很多年了。

③wear表示“穿著”指狀態,可以用進行時;賓語除衣服鞋帽外,還可以是首飾,服飾,髮型等。

eg. He’s wearing a new coat. 他穿著一件新大衣。

Does your brother wear glasses?你的弟弟戴眼鏡嗎?

He wears his hair very short.他留著短髮。

She wears a string of pearls around her neck.

她的脖子上戴著一串珍珠項鍊。

wear還可作“(面容等)顯露,呈現;磨損,磨破”講

eg. She wore an angry expression.她面帶笑容。

I have worn my socks into holes.我的襪子已磨出洞來了。

3. “Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo? Deny your father, and refuse your name”

羅密歐,羅密歐,為什麼你叫羅密歐?與你的父親斷絕關係,不要你這個名字了吧

deny(denied, denied, denying)作為及物動詞,表示“否認,不承認;不給,不準;(正式)拋棄,背棄”講。它後面可接名詞,動名詞和賓語從句。

eg. Can you deny the truth of his statement?

你能否認他的宣告的真實性嗎?

He denied telling me/that he had told me.

他否認告訴過我。

I was denied the chance of going to college.

不給我上大學的機會。

He has denied his country and his principles!

他背棄了他的國家和他的原則!

4.What must Antonio give Shylock if he can’t pay back the debt?

如果安東尼奧不能償還夏洛克的借款,他必須給夏洛克什麼?

Pay back意為“還錢給某人”,主要句型有pay sb. back(sth) 和pay sth back.例如:

I’ll pay him back with all my heart. 我將用我的生命向他償還。

Have you paid me back the money you owe me yet?

你向我借的錢還我了嗎?

Pay back還表示“懲罰,報復”。例如:

I’ll pay him back for the trick he played on me.

他對我使壞,我得治治他。

與pay搭配的常見短語有:

pay for sth.為某事吃苦頭或受懲罰

pay off帶來好結果

pay sb off付清工資予以解僱;賄賂某人

pay sth. off全部償還

pay sth. out(按時)為某事付鉅款

pay up付清全部欠款

eg. The home team paid dearly for their defensive errors.

主隊因防守錯誤而大吃苦頭。

The gamble paid off.賭贏了。

pay off the crew of a ship 付清全部船員工資並予以解僱

pay off one’s debts, a loan, a mortgage還清債務、貸款、抵押款

I had to pay out £200 to get my car repaired!

我得花200英鎊修理汽車!

We’re paying out £300 a month on our mortgage.

我們每月要付300英鎊抵押貸款。

I’ll take you to court unless you pay up immediately.

除非馬上還請欠款,否則我和你打官司。

5.What makes a play a masterpiece is that the ideas behind the play are about problems which are still important to people of different ages in modern times.

一部戲劇要成為不朽之作。劇中所反映的問題就應該對現代不同年齡層次的人仍然有重要的意義。

①句中what引導主語從句,that引導表語從句,which引導定語從句。

②people of different ages 表示所屬關係“屬於的”;

a girl of ten十歲的女孩兒

a child of strange appearance 外貌奇特的孩子

an item of value一件值錢的物品

③in modern times指“當代”。time 表示“時期,時代”常用複數。

in ancient times 在古代;in the time of Queen Victoria 在維多利亞女王時代

6.But when the roles are turned around, it is Shylock who must beg the Duke to save his life.

但是當角色被轉變的時候,夏洛克一定請求公爵饒他一命。

①turn around在這裡指“(方針、立場等)轉變”。

②“it is shylock who”為強調句式,本句強調的是主語部分。注意強調句的特點是去掉It is/was和that,剩餘部分經過整理後整個句子仍然成立。

③beg sb. to do sth.意為“懇求或祈求某人做某事物”。例如:

I beg you not to take any risks.我懇求你不要冒險。

7.What would you do if you had your worst enemy in your power?

①如果你最壞的敵人處於你的掌握之中,你將會怎麼做?

②in one’s power意為“在某人的掌握之中,任由某人擺佈”

The enemy is in our power.

敵人在我們的控制之中。

can find several such ideas in Shakespeare’s play.

我們可以在莎士比亞的戲劇中找到一些這種觀點。

在ideas這個中心名詞前有兩個限定詞修飾。限定詞是在名詞片語中對名詞中心詞起特指、泛指、類指以及表示確定數量和非確定數量等限定作用的詞類。限定詞包括:①冠詞 ②形容詞性物主代詞 ③名詞所有格 ④形容詞性指示代詞 ⑤所有格關係代詞 ⑥所有格疑問代詞 ⑦形容詞性不定代詞 ⑧基數詞和序數詞 ⑨倍數詞和分數詞 ⑩量詞。限定詞可分為:①前位限定詞②中位限定詞 ③後位限定詞。個別限定詞有跨類現象,如本句such既屬予前位限定詞,又可歸入後位限定詞。當與冠詞a, an連用時屬於前位限定詞,例如:such a suit; 當與some, any, all, few, another, other, many, several, one, two等詞搭配時屬於後位限定詞,即such要放在這些詞之後,例如:many such books, no such car。

9.Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock.

夏洛克,對安東尼奧會仁慈一點吧。

句中mercy為不可數名詞,意為“仁慈,寬恕”。常見的短語有:

①have mercy on/upon sb./sth.=show mercy to sb/sth表示“對錶示同情;對有憐憫之心”

②at the mercy of sb./sth任由某人或某事擺佈

③throw oneself on sb’s mercy懇求某人寬恕/善待

eg. She has mercy on little animals. 她憐憫小動物。

They showed little mercy to their enemies.他們對敵人毫不仁慈。

His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.

他的生命將由公爵處置。

The ship was at the mercy of the storm.

那隻船在暴風雨中失去控制。

He threw himself on my mercy.他求我寬恕他。

10.I’ve promised to take my pound of flesh.

我已經許諾割下我的一磅肉。

①promise作為及物動詞,常接的結構有promise to do sth; promise sb. to do sth; promise後接雙賓語和promise接從句。

eg. I never promised to obey her commands.

我從未答應過要服從她的命令。

His pareats promised him to buy a new bike.

他父母答應給他買輛新車。

She promised me a gift for my birthday.

她答應送我一件生日禮物。

He promised that he would come.

他答應來。

②flesh與meat的辨析

flesh通常指人或動物身上的肉,也可指供食用的獸類的肉(區別於魚或禽的肉)。meat 指供食用的肉類的總稱,通常不包括魚和家禽的肉。

eg. You’re losing flesh.你瘦了。

Lions are flesh-eating animals. 獅子是肉食動物。

I like meat while my sister likes fish.

我喜歡吃肉而我妹妹喜歡吃魚。

注意:meat 是供食用的肉類的總稱,豬肉、牛肉、羊肉等各有其專門名稱,即pork, beef, mutton

11. It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.

盡力與夏洛克爭論是沒有用的。

It’s useless doing= It’s no use doing表示“做沒有用處”

由it作形式主語,真正的主語是後面的動名詞。例如:

It is no use learning without thinking.學而不思則罔。

It’s no good crying over spilt mick.覆水難收。

12.You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea.

你還不如站在海灘上跟大海講理去。

①might as well表示給人提出建議時的常見的短語,意為“不妨好,還是好。”

I might as well tell you the truth.

我還是告訴你事實真相的好。

②go stand upon sth.表示“去站在上面”。例如:

Would you please go stand upon that board?

你願意去站在那塊板上嗎?

He dare not go stand upon that high tower.

他不敢去站在那座高塔上。

13. Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants.

對我宣判吧,把夏洛克想要得到的東西給他吧。

pass judgment on sb.表示“對某人宣判”。

eg. When will the judge pass judgement on that woman?

法官什麼時候對那個女子審判?

The court will not pass judgement on him until next Sunday.

直到下週日法庭才會對他宣判。

14. If you offered me six times what you have just offered, I would still take my pound of flesh.

即使你願意給我六倍個剛才你提出的那個錢數,我還是要拿回我應得的那一磅肉。

①本句為虛擬語氣,表示與現在事實相反。

②offer即可作動詞又可以作名詞,表示主動提出,提供(一種東西或一項建議);還表示出價,與介詞for連用

eg. The young man offered the old man his own seat.(offer sb. sth.)

那位年輕人主動將自己的座位讓給了老大爺。

I offered him fifty thousand dollars for the house.(offer sb. money for sth.)

我向他出價5萬美金買這棟房子。

He offered to lend me some books.(offer to do)

他主動提出借一些書給我。

③times(n.)在此處用來表示倍數。用times表示“甲是乙的幾倍大(高、長、寬等)”。

(1)“甲比乙大(高、長、寬等)幾倍”,可以用下列句型:

A is three times the size(height, length, width, etc) of the old one.

The new building is four times the size(the height) of the old one.

這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四位高)。(這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍[高三倍]了)

This street is four times the length(the width) of that one.

這條街是那條街的四倍長(四倍寬)。

The size(The height) of the new building is four times that of the old one.

這座新樓的大小(高度)是那座舊樓的四倍。(由於句首已用了the size, the height, 所以在four times後面用代詞that來代替,以避免重複。)

(2)A is three times as big(high, long, wide, etc) as B

Asia is four times as large as Europe.

亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。(亞洲比歐洲大三倍。)

This box is three times as heavy as that one.

這個箱子是那個箱子的三倍重。

(3)A is three times bigger (higher, longer, wider)than B

The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office.

會議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。

注意:用times表示倍數,一般只限於表示包括基數在內三倍或三倍以上的數。表示兩倍可以用twice(adv.)或double(adj.)。例如:

The room is twice the size of that one.= This room is twice as big as that one.

這個房間是那個房間的兩倍大。

Our total income of 2004 was double of 2000.

我們2004年的總收是2000年的兩倍。

15.How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?

如果你一點兒都不對別人表現仁慈,又怎麼能希望自己得到仁慈?

①when 在此處引導一個條件狀語從句

②hope不能直接跟賓語,它需要一個介詞for。

eg. Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.

抱最好的希望,作最壞的準備。

We are hoping for better weather soon.

我們期待天氣會很快好轉。

16.I desire my pound of flesh.

desire 是及物動詞,意為“渴望,要求,期望”。後面可接名詞(代詞)、動詞不定式及從句作賓語。

eg. All of us desire better life and more education.

我們所有人都渴望更好的生活和更多的教育。

We always desire to live in peace with our neighbour.

我們總是渴望與鄰國和平相處。

Mr Wang desires that you should go to the teacher’s office at once.

王老師希望你立刻到教師辦公室去。

desire還可作名詞,意為“渴望,要求”

eg. At the desire of the teacher, we should finish our homework on time.按照老師的要求,我們應該準時完成作業。

17. I do not envy you your job. This is a most troublesome case.

我不羨慕你的工作,這是一件是棘手的案件。

①envy sb. sth表示“羨慕某人,嫉妒某人”。

I envy you very much.我真羨慕你。

She envies me my good health.她羨慕我身體好。

②a most+adj.= a very + adj.表示“一個很的”。

the most+形容詞最高階表示“最之意”,這時句末一定要有表達範圍的介詞of或in.

eg. Dalian is a most beautiful coastal city.

大連是一座很美的海濱城市。

This is a most enjoyable party.這是一次令人極為愉快的晚會。

She worked out the most difficult problem of the three.

她解出了這三道題中最難的一道。

Mary is the most beautiful girl in our class.

瑪麗是我們班裡最美的女孩。

18.What are you accused of ?你因什麼而受到起訴?

accuse sb. of sth. 意為“因控告人,告發,指責人”

eg. The police accused him of theft.警方控告他偷竊。

He was accused of murder. 他被控謀殺。

She accused him of being late.她指責他遲到。

19.Let me tear up this paper.讓我們這張借條撕了吧。

句中的tear up的意思是“撕毀”

eg. She tore up all the letters he had seut her.

她把他寫來的信都撕了。

tear up可以引申為“不履行”。

eg. He accused his secretary of tearing up the agreement.

他控告他的助理不履行協議。

tear down意為“弄倒,拆除”。

eg. They are tearing down those old house to build a new office block.

他們拆除那些舊房子以便蓋一座新辦公樓。

20.Antonio, get ready and offer up your breast.

安東尼奧,準備好露出你的胸膛。

offer up 在本句中意為“奉獻”,主要用於表示向上帝或神祭獻某人或某物。例如:

She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.

她向上帝祈討保佑她丈夫平安回來。

21.I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.

我宣佈法庭允許你,法律判給你這一磅肉。

declare表示“正式宣佈(某事);表明,鄭重地說(某事)”。

eg. America declared war on Iraq last year.

去年美國向伊拉克宣戰。

They declared him(to be) the winner.

他們宣佈他為得勝者。

He declared that he had nothing to do with the matter.

他宣稱自己與此事無關。

She was declared(to be) guilty. 已宣判她有罪。

22.He agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition.

他同意借錢給安東尼奧,但有個條件。

condition在此處意為“條件”,需要識記的短語為:

on this/that condition在這種或那種情況下

on what condition 在什麼情況下

on no condition無論什麼情況都不

in condition健康良好

out of condition身體不佳

on condition that是從屬連詞,引導條件狀語從句,意為“只有在條件下”(=only if),“條件是”。

eg. You may borrow this book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.你可以借這本書,條件是不能再借給別人。

Ability and effort are conditions of success.

才能和努力是成功的條件。

On this condition you may go home earlier.

在這種情況下,你可以早一點回家。

On what condition will you agree with me?

什麼條件下,你才能同意我?

He can’t climb the mountain because he is out of condition.

他不能爬山,因為他身體欠佳。

23.He is young, but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.他很年輕,但是我過

去從來不知道有這麼年輕又如此聰明的人。

在一個名詞片語中,不定冠詞a/an通常用在形容詞的前面。如a serious mistake。但是,如果形容詞前面有so, too, how時,a/an 就該放在形容詞後面,其結構是“so/too/how+adj+a/an+n.”。能夠構成這種結構的名詞必須是單數可數名詞。

eg. Did you notice that you have made so serious a mistake?

你是否注意到你出了一個很嚴重的錯?

It’s too difficult a book for beginners.

這本書對初學者是太難了。

How wonder ful a plan it would be! 那該是一個多麼好的計劃啊。

試比較:He is so good a teacher that we all like him.= He is such a good student that we all like him.

練一練:用so, such填空

1.__________ big a city 2._____________ a pretty girl

3.__________ good students 4._____________fine weather

5.__________many books 6._____________much water

7.__________ little food 8._____________ few oranges

答案:

1. so 2. such 3. such 4. such 5. so 6. so 8. so

want justice, so you get justice, more than you wanted.

他要求公正,那麼就讓你得到公證,比你要求的還要多。

shall 在此處用於第二人稱,表示說話人的允諾,意思是“可以”。

在本劇的最後還有:everything that he owns shall be taken away from him. One half of his money and his goods shall be givenand the other half shall be given兩句中的shall用於第三人稱,表示法令、規章等中的規定,意思是“必須”。shall 用於第二、三人稱,還表示決心、命令、警告、要求、義務等。

eg. He shall answer for his misdeeds.他應當為他的錯誤行為負責。

You shall have a nice present for your birthday.

你過生日時將會得到一份精美的禮物。

Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.

什麼也不能阻止我們實現這項計劃。

shall用於第一、三人稱的疑問句,表示說話人徵求對方意見

eg. Shall we go now?我們現在走可以嗎?

She he come in?可以讓他進來嗎?

25.Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.

因此,跪下來請求公爵的寬恕吧。

①go down on one’s knees 的意思是“跪下”、“屈膝”。

They will never go down on their knees before the oppressors.

他們絕不向壓迫者屈膝。

②beg for意為“乞求,請求”

He went down on his knees and begged for forgiveness.

他跪下來請求饒恕。

26.My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.

我的錢和財產對我就像生命一樣寶貴。

dear 在此處的意思是“珍貴的”

He lost everything that was dear to him.

他表達了他所珍貴的一切。

goods在此處的意思的“動產”。

27.Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.

夏洛克必須答應在他死後把這筆錢給他的女兒和女婿。

①句中的upon 等於on,表示“就在某時或某場合之後。”例如:

Upon my arrival home I found there was something strange.

我一到家就發現不對勁。

On asking for information I was told I must wait.

我一打聽,說我得等著。

②leave sth. to sb.表示“將某事物遺贈給某人;死後留下某物給某人”

leave all one’s money to charity把所有的錢遺贈給慈善事業。

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