2015會考書面表達寫作指導:定語從句語法

來源:才華庫 1.79W

一、定語從句概念

2015會考書面表達寫作指導:定語從句語法

定語從句(attributive clause),顧名思義,就是一個句子作定語從屬於主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當,所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外,定語從句是由關係代詞或關係副詞引導的,故又稱作關係從句。

定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之後,這種名詞或代詞被稱作先行詞。請看示例:

The woman who lives next door is a teacher.

先行詞 定語從句

在所有的從句中,算定語從句最難掌握,因為漢語裡沒有定語從句,漢語裡只有定語,而且總是放在名詞之前來修飾名詞。

二、關係代詞引導的定語從句

關係代詞代替前面的先行詞,並且在定語從句中充當句子成分,可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關係代詞有:who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示:

先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格

人 who whom whose

物 which which whose of which

人、物 that that —

(一)關係代詞who, whom和 whose的用法

who代替人,是主格,在定語從句中作主語。例如:

An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建築師是設計房屋的人。

I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠不會忘記在高一時教我們化學的那位老師。

Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想應聘這個職位的任何人都必須先通過電子郵件向我們傳送簡歷。

whom代替人,是賓格,在定語從句作賓語,在非正式英語常可省略。例如:

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們在學校圖書館裡遇到的那位先生你認識嗎?

This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸十年前教的學生。

The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見到的那個女孩名叫瑪麗。(在非正式英語中,主格who代替了賓格whom,亦可省略)

whose一般代替人,有時亦可代替物,是所有格,在定語從句作定語。例如:

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高階工程師的那個女學生過去在國外留學。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個賓館叫什麼名字,你知道嗎?(關係代詞whose指代先行詞hotel,正式用法應該用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思 是:the window of the hotel。)

(二)關係代詞which的用法

which代替物,在定語從句作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略。例如:

I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.

我不喜歡有不幸結局的小說。(which可以換成that)

Tom works for a factory which makes watches.

湯姆在一個製表廠工作。(which可以換成that)

(三)關係代詞that的用法

that既可指人又可指物,在當代英語中大多指物,在定語從句作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略。例如:

Is she the girl that sells newspapers?

她是賣報紙的那個女孩嗎?(that可以換成who)

Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?

放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了?(that可以換成which)

Is this the book that you want to buy?

這是你要買的那本書嗎? (that可以換成which,在定語從句作賓語,還可以省略)

三、關係副詞引導的定語從句

常用的關係副詞只有三個:when, where, why,在定語從句中充當時間、地點和原因狀語。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個口訣:

the time when

the place where

the reason why

(一)關係副詞when的用法

關係副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間,when在定語從句作時間狀語。例如:

In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.

北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行詞是months)

Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?

你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎?(when先行詞是day, 當代英語裡when可以用that替代,這時關係代詞that就變成了表示時間的關係副詞)

I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.

自從我離開東京的那一年我就一直沒見到過她。(when先行詞是year,同樣when可以用that代替)

(二)關係副詞where的用法

關係副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點,where在定語從句作地點狀語。例如:

During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.

春節期間,我回到了生我養我的家鄉。(where的先行詞是town)

This is the place where Li Bai once lived.

這是李白曾經生活過的地方。(where先行詞是place)

上面這個句子不可以將where改為that,因為that不能作為表示地點的關係副詞。試比較下句:

This is the place that Li Bai once visited.

這是李白曾經遊覽過的地方。(that的先行詞同樣是place,但這個that是關係代詞,在定語從句中作賓語,可以省略,還可以用which替換)

(三)關係副詞why的用法

關係副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因,why在定語從句作原因狀語。例如:

The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.

打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。(why先行詞是reason, 當代英語裡why可以用that替代,這時關係代詞that就變成了表示原因的關係副詞,還可以將why省略)

This is the reason why he came late to school.

這就是他為什麼上學遲到的原因。(why先行詞是reason,why可以用that替代,還可以省略)

注意:如果上面的句子將the reason省略,那麼這個句子就變成了(This is why he came late to school. )表語從句,句子意思絲毫未變。

四、特殊關係代詞as引導的`定語從句

as是個比較特殊的關係代詞,一是用在某些句型搭配裡,二是獨立於主句之外。下面分別講解。

(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引導定語從句

You may take as many books as you want.

你想要拿多少書就拿多少。(第一個as是副詞,修飾many的;第二個as才是關係代詞,代替先行詞books,在定語從句中作賓語)

I have got such a computer as yours.

我有一臺你這樣的電腦。(as是關係代詞,代替先行詞computer,在定語從句中作表語,因為yours後省略了is )

I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.

我從未見過像桂林那樣美麗的地方。(as是關係代詞,代替先行詞place,在定語從句中作表語,因為Guilin後省略了is )

(二)獨立於主句之外,as引導定語從句

As we know,

the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知,地球圍繞太陽旋轉。

As is known to us,

(As we know和 As is known to us均為定語從句,as分別作賓語和主語,替代後面的主句。)

Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.

你知道,臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(關係代詞as指代整個主句,在定語從句中作賓語。)

五、關係代詞who, which與that的區別

(一)關係代詞who與that的區別

1. 當關系代詞用作主語時,多用主格who。例如:

He who loses hope loses all.

失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時,多用who)

I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.

我遇見艾麗斯,她告訴我她在學漢語。(在非限制性定語從句中,用who)

2. 當關系代詞用作介詞後的賓語時,用賓格whom,不用that。例如:

The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.

我們校長剛才與他談話的那個人是我們的英語老師。(介詞與關係代詞緊密相連時,只能用賓格whom,不可用主格who)

注意:介詞與關係代詞不是緊密相連時,或者說介詞放在句子後面時,這時可以用主格who,也可用that,還可以省略關係代詞。因此,上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法:

(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

第4句簡潔、自然,所以口語中用得最多。

3. 當關系代詞泛指人時,多用that。例如:

He is a man that is never afraid of failure.

他是個從不怕失敗的人。(that用來泛指人)

4. 當關系代詞出現在who開頭的疑問句時,應用that。例如:

Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?

用英語同湯姆交談的那個女孩是誰?(避免重複使用who,以免造成誤解或語義含混不清)

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